Sexismo y tríada oscura de la personalidad en adolescentes: el rol mediador de la desconexión moral / Sexism and dark triad of personality on adolescents: the mediator role of moral disengagement

Resumen Introducción: La Organización Mundial de la Salud indica que es necesario eliminar los valores, las actitudes y los estereotipos basados en el género que afectan la salud y el bienestar de las niñas y mujeres en el mundo. Desde la psicología de la personalidad, algunos trabajos científicos han demostrado que rasgos como la triada oscura de la personalidad (maquiavelismo, psicopatía y narcisismo) y la desconexión moral aumentan la susceptibilidad al sesgo de género, la amenaza y la agresión interpersonal. Como contribución al diseño de un perfil personológico propenso a aceptar y justificar las actitudes sexistas, el objetivo principal de este trabajo fue estudiar el rol mediador de la desconexión moral entre la triada oscura de la personalidad y el sexismo ambivalente en adolescentes. Método: La muestra estuvo compuesta por 803 adolescentes (M = 15.33, DT = 0.99; 50.3% chicos) tras utilizar un muestreo por conveniencia para realizar un análisis de la varianza y la comparación de varios modelos mediacionales a partir de la técnica de bootstrapping. Resultados: Los rasgos de la triada oscura de la personalidad se relacionan directa y significativamente con el sexismo hostil y benevolente de los/as adolescentes, y la desconexión moral tiene un efecto mediador importante en esta relación. Conclusiones: Finalmente, se discute cómo trabajar la desconexión moral para la transformación de estas creencias y actitudes de género que perpetúan la discriminación hacia las adolescentes en programas de prevención.

Abstract Introduction: The World Health Organization indicates that gender-based values, attitudes and stereotypes that affect the health and well-being of girls and women around the world need to be eliminated. From personality psychology, scientific studies have shown that traits such as the dark personality triad (Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism) and moral disengagement increase susceptibility to gender bias, threat, and interpersonal aggression. As a contribution to the design of a personological profile prone to accept and justify sexist attitudes, the main aim of this paper was to study the mediating role of moral disengagement between the dark personality triad and ambivalent sexism in a sample of adolescents. Methods: The sample consisted of 803 adolescents (M = 15.33, SD = 0.99; 50.3% boys) using convenience sampling to assess ambivalent sexism, dark personality triad and moral disengagement. An analysis of variance and comparison of various mediational models was carried out using the bootstrapping technique. Results: The dark personality triad traits are directly and significantly related to adolescents' hostile and benevolent sexism, and that moral disengagement has a relevant mediating effect on this relationship. Conclusions: Finally, the implications of these findings for the transformation of these gendered beliefs and attitudes that perpetuate discrimination against girls and women are discussed in relation with prevention programs.

Sexism, Moral Disengagement, and Dark Triad Traits on Perpetrators of Sexual Violence Against Women and Community Men.

The field of criminal psychology involves delving into psychological profiles prone to accepting and justifying sexist attitudes that support sexual violence against adult women (SVAW). The aim of the current study is to analyze the mediating role of moral disengagement in the relationships between dark triad personality traits (Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism) and ambivalent sexism in a sample of 74 male perpetrators of sexual violence against women (M = 40.58; SD = 10.05) convicted of intimate partner violence (IPV) and sexual assault and 160 community men (M = 43.54; SD = 10.63). Since there were no significant differences in the measured variables between individuals convicted of IPV and those convicted of sexual assault, these two groups were combined into a single group of perpetrators of sexual violence against women. A comparison of incarcerated and community men showed that perpetrators of sexual violence against women reported significantly higher levels of ambivalent sexism, moral disengagement, and psychopathy than community men. The moderated mediational model showed that the dark triad was not directly associated with ambivalent sexism, but the relationship was fully mediated by moral disengagement mechanisms. Moreover, the interdependence of the variables evaluated was moderated by group. The moral disengagement mechanisms that explain both hostile and benevolent sexism were associated with Machiavellianism and psychopathy among perpetrators of sexual violence against women, whereas among community men, these mechanisms were associated with Machiavellianism and narcissism. These findings are discussed as they pertain to the treatment of perpetrators of sexual violence against women.

Associations between Dark Triad and Ambivalent Sexism: Sex Differences among Adolescents.

The Dark Triad traits (DT; Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism) have been repeatedly labeled as a constellation of traits that are characterized by a dishonest and self-focused approach to interpersonal relations. Personality psychologists suggest that these traits make some people more susceptible than others to intergroup bias, threat, and aggression. Thus, in order to delve into a psychological profile prone to accepting and justifying sexist attitudes, the aims of the current study were to analyze the presence of DT and sexist attitudes in a sample of 367 adolescents (Mage = 15.12, SD = 0.88; 50.1% males), find out the relationships that DT has with both hostile and benevolent sexism, and analyze the relevant differences between sexes in these relationships. The results indicated higher scores in DT and Ambivalent sexism for males. The correlations of Machiavellianism with psychopathy, and psychopathy with narcissism revealed significantly higher associations in males than females. The structural equation modeling of the bifactorial model, characterized by a global latent factor that encompasses the common characteristics of DT-along with the three specific factors of Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism-showed that the global latent factor of DT was related to both hostile and benevolent sexism in males and females. Singularly, narcissism was related to benevolent sexism in males, and psychopathy was related to hostile sexism in females. Finally, this research discusses the implications of these results on the implementation of positive models of interpersonal relationships in adolescence towards dating violence prevention.

Cogniciones en el lado oscuro: desconexión moral, tríada oscura y conducta antisocial en adolescents / Cognitions on the dark side: Moral disengagement, dark triad and antisocial behavior in adolescents

Resumen En el marco de una tradición de investigación relativamente reciente, ciertos rasgos psicológicos relacionados con diversas conductas socialmente reprobables se han agrupado bajo la denominación de "Factor o lado oscuros de la personalidad". En este contexto, este trabajo estudia la varianza común que pudiera existir entre los tres componentes del constructo tríada oscura (maquiavelismo, narcisismo y psicopatía) y los procesos cognitivos constitutivos del constructo desconexión moral, en orden a relacionarlos con la conducta antisocial de una muestra de 800 adolescentes (M = 15.33, SD = .99; 50.1 % chicos). El análisis factorial exploratorio sugirió retener cuatro factores mediante el Análisis Paralelo de Horn. Estos factores se sometieron a una rotación bifactorial en el contexto exploratorio, y sus índices de ajuste fueron adecuados ꭓ² (1219.42, 737) = 1.65 p < .05; RMSEA = .03 (.01, .05 ); CFI = .98. El análisis factorial confirmatorio de este modelo bifactorial para representar el lado oscuro, obtuvo índices de ajuste óptimos ꭓ² (392.38, 150) = 2.61 p < .05; RMSEA = .04 (.04, .05); CFI = .95; y similar para chicos y chicas. El modelo de ecuaciones estructurales indicó que el "lado oscuro", entendido aquí como las características comunes de la tríada oscura y la desconexión moral, está directa e intensamente relacionado con conductas antisociales en chicas (β = .57, p < .001) y en chicos (β = .54, p < .001). Finalmente, se discuten las implicaciones de estos resultados para la prevención de una amplia gama de conductas antisociales en adolescentes.

Abstract Within the context of a recent research tradition, certain psychological traits related to various socially reprehensible behaviors have been grouped under the name of "Dark Factor or dark side of personality." In this context, this paper studies the common variance that could exist between the three components of the Dark Triad construct (Machiavellianism, Narcissism and Psychopathy) and the constituent cognitive processes of Moral Disengagement construct, in order to relate them to the antisocial behavior of a sample composed of 800 adolescents (M = 15.36, SD = .99; 50.1 % boys). Exploratory factor analysis suggested retaining four factors using Horn Parallel Analysis. These factors were subjected to a bifactorial rotation in the exploratory context, and their fit indices were adequate ꭓ² (1219.42, 737) = 1.65 p <.05; RMSEA = .03 (.01, .05); CFI = .98. The confirmatory factor analysis of this bifactorial model to represent the dark side obtained optimal fit indices ꭓ² (392.38, 150) = 2.61 p <.05; RMSEA = .04 (.04, .05); CFI = .95; similar for boys and girls. The results of the structural equation model indicated that the "dark side", understood here as the common characteristics of the Dark Triad and Moral Disengagement, is directly and intensely related to antisocial behaviors in girls (β = .57, p < .001) and boys (β = .54, p < .001). Finally, the implications of these results for the prevention of a wide range of antisocial behaviors in adolescents are discussed.

Longitudinal effects of parenting mediated by deviant peers on violent and non-violent antisocial behaviour and substance use in adolescence / Efectos longitudinales de las prácticas parentales mediados por los iguales desviados sobre el comportamiento antisocial violento y no violento y el consumo de sustancias en la adolescencia

The current work aimed to analyse the prospective effects of parenting practices on adolescent problematic behaviour taking into account the mediation effects of deviant affiliations in normative Spanish adolescents. For this purpose, a sample of 663 adolescents aged 12 to 15 (M = 12.49, SD = 0.68) and gender-balanced (54.3% male) were recruited from 13 state secondary schools in Galicia (NW Spain). Two structural equation models were tested separately on violent behaviour, nonviolent antisocial behaviour, and substance use: the parenting model analysed parental knowledge and parental support through deviant peers, and the sources model analysed adolescent disclosure, parental control, and parental solicitation through deviant peer affiliations. The results of the parenting model indicated that the effects of parental knowledge on all the types of problematic behaviour were significantly mediated by deviant peer affiliations. In addition, the direct effect of parental knowledge was significant on substance use for males. Regarding the sources model, the results indicated that the effects of adolescent disclosure were significantly mediated by deviant peer affiliations on all the types of problematic behaviour only for females. No significant effects of parental support, parental control, and parental solicitation were found. Methodological and practical implications of these findings are discussed

El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo analizar los posibles efectos de las prácticas parentales sobre el comportamiento problemático en adolescentes españoles normativos, teniendo en cuenta los efectos de mediación de la afiliación con iguales desviados. Para ello, se utilizó una muestra de 663 adolescentes de 12 a 15 años (M = 12.49, DT = 0.68) equilibrada por género (54.3% varones) de 13 centros públicos de secundaria de Galicia (NO de España). Se analizaron dos modelos de ecuaciones estructurales por separado para conducta violenta, comportamiento antisocial no violento y consumo de sustancias: el modelo de crianza que analiza el conocimiento parental y el apoyo parental a través de los iguales desviados y el modelo de fuentes que analiza la autorrevelación adolescente, control parental y solicitud parental a través de la afiliación con iguales desviados. Los resultados del modelo de crianza indicaron que los efectos del conocimiento parental sobre todos los tipos de comportamiento problemático estuvieron significativamente mediados por la afiliación con iguales desviados. Además, el efecto directo del conocimiento parental fue significativo sobre el consumo de sustancias para los varones. Con respecto al modelo de fuentes, los resultados indicaron que solo para las mujeres los efectos de la autorrevelación adolescente estuvieron significativamente mediados por la afiliación con iguales desviados sobre todos los tipos de comportamiento problemático. No se encontraron efectos significativos del apoyo, el control y la solicitud parentales. Se discuten las implicaciones metodológicas y prácticas de estos hallazgos

Identifying Risk Profiles for Antisocial Behavior in a Spanish Sample of Young Offenders.

One of the main purposes of juvenile risk assessment is to distinguish different risk profiles, which may lead to referring youths into specific intervention programs tailored to their specific needs. This study is devoted to identifying main typologies of risk in a sample of 286 Spanish young offenders aged 14 to 22 (M = 17.36; SD = 1.61) years. Participants were classified into different profiles, representing different levels of risk in terms of individual and psychosocial dynamic variables. A three-class (low-, middle-, and high-risk profiles) and a four-class (low-, middle-, high-risk family problems/callous-unemotional (CU) traits, and high-risk impulsive/undercontrolled) solutions were identified. These profiles showed their distinctiveness and meaningfulness in a set of comparisons on antisocial behavior and prior offenses measures. These findings highlight the presence of diverse patterns of risk and suggest that a limited number of specialized interventions may respond to the main needs of most institutionalized youths.

Gender Differences in the Influence of Parenting on Youth Antisocial Behavior through Deviant Peers.

The aim of this study was to assess gender differences in direct and indirect effects of parental knowledge, family support, family conflict, and deviant peers on violent and nonviolent antisocial behavior among youngsters. The total sample was composed of 584 young people, 274 males and 310 females, aged 14 to 20 from High Schools of Galicia (NW Spain). The variables were assessed with different scales of the protocol Valoración del Riesgo en Adolescentes Infractores [Juvenile Offender's Risk Assessment]. Several structural equation models were conducted to clarify the relationships between these variables for males and females. The results showed a better fit for the mediated model. Significant direct effects were found for parental knowledge (ß = -.35, p < .01, males; ß = -.16, p < .05, females) and parental support (ß = .26, p < .05, males) on nonviolent behavior. Significant direct effects were also found for parental knowledge (ß = -.36, p < .05, males; ß = -.42, p < .05, females) and parental support (ß = .32, p < .05, males; ß = .24, p < .05, females) on violent behavior. Not significant direct effects were found for family conflict. Moreover, significant indirect effects through deviant peers were found for knowledge (ß = -.23, p < .01, males; ß = -.21, p < .01, females), support (ß = .20, p < .05, males; ß = .21, p < .05, females), and conflict (ß = .28, p < .01, males; ß = .26, p < .05, females) on nonviolent behavior, as well as for knowledge (ß = -.20, p < .01, males; ß = -.10, p < .01, females), support (ß = .18, p < .01, males; ß = .10, p < .01, females), and conflict (ß = .24, p < .05, males; ß = .12, p < .01, females) on violent behavior. Thus, significant gender differences were found, specifically in the direct effects of family support on nonviolent antisocial behavior. The implications of these results for prevention of antisocial behaviors in youth based on gender differences are discussed.

Effects of parenting practices through deviant peers on nonviolent and violent antisocial behaviours in middle- and late-adolescence / Los efectos de las prácticas parentales a través de compañeros desviados en los comportamientos antisociales no violentes y violentos en la adolescencia media y tardía

The aim of the current study was to analyse in two age cohorts the presence of mediation effects of parenting practices (i.e., parental knowledge, parental support, parent-adolescent conflict) through deviant peers on youth antisocial behaviour (i.e., nonviolent antisocial behaviour, violent behaviour). The final sample was subdivided in a younger group (n = 377), aged 14 to 16 (M = 15.27, SD = 0.72), 45.9% males, and an older group (n = 206), aged 17 to 19 (M = 17.30, SD = 0.54), 48.5% males. The structural equation modelling results indicated significant mediation effects for both age cohorts. Family factors presented more influence for younger adolescents, whereas deviant peers showed more influence for older adolescents. The findings also indicated the reciprocal influence of selection and socialisation processes suggesting the need of early interventions for preventing the development of antisocial behaviour (AU)

El objetivo de este estudio ha sido analizar en dos grupos de edad la presencia de los efectos de mediación de las prácticas parentales (es decir, el conocimiento y el apoyo parentales y el conflicto padresadolescente) por medio de compañeros desviados en el comportamiento antisocial de los jóvenes (es decir, comportamiento antisocial no violento y el comportamiento violento). La muestra final se dividió en un grupo más joven (n = 377), con edades entre 14 y 16 años (M = 15.27, DT = 0.72), el 45.9% de los cuales eran varones, y un grupo más mayor (n = 206), de edades comprendidas entre 17 y 19 años (M = 17.30, DT = 0.54), el 48.5% varones. Los resultados del modelado de ecuaciones estructurales indicaban que había efectos mediadores para ambos grupos de edad. Los factores familiares influían más en los adolescentes más jóvenes mientras que los compañeros desviados influían más en los adolescentes mayores. Los resultados también pusieron de manifiesto la influencia recíproca de los procesos de selección y socialización, lo que indicaba la necesidad de intervenciones tempranas con el fin de evitar que se desarrollara el comportamiento antisocial (AU)

Gender differences in the influence of parenting on youth antisocial behavior through deviant peers

The aim of this study was to assess gender differences in direct and indirect effects of parental knowledge, family support, family conflict, and deviant peers on violent and nonviolent antisocial behavior among youngsters. The total sample was composed of 584 young people, 274 males and 310 females, aged 14 to 20 from High Schools of Galicia (NW Spain). The variables were assessed with different scales of the protocol Valoración del Riesgo en Adolescentes Infractores [Juvenile Offender’s Risk Assessment]. Several structural equation models were conducted to clarify the relationships between these variables for males and females. The results showed a better fit for the mediated model. Significant direct effects were found for parental knowledge (β = -.35, p < .01, males; β = -.16, p < .05, females) and parental support (β = .26, p < .05, males) on nonviolent behavior. Significant direct effects were also found for parental knowledge (β = -.36, p < .05, males; β = -.42, p < .05, females) and parental support (β = .32, p < .05, males; β = .24, p < .05, females) on violent behavior. Not significant direct effects were found for family conflict. Moreover, significant indirect effects through deviant peers were found for knowledge (β = -.23, p < .01, males; β = -.21, p < .01, females), support (β = .20, p < .05, males; β = .21, p < .05, females), and conflict (β = .28, p < .01, males; β = .26, p < .05, females) on nonviolent behavior, as well as for knowledge (β = -.20, p < .01, males; β = -.10, p < .01, females), support (β = .18, p < .01, males; β = .10, p < .01, females), and conflict (β = .24, p < .05, males; β = .12, p < .01, females) on violent behavior. Thus, significant gender differences were found, specifically in the direct effects of family support on nonviolent antisocial behavior. The implications of these results for prevention of antisocial behaviors in youth based on gender differences are discussed (AU)

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Potential determinants of drink driving in young adults.

OBJECTIVE: The main purposes of this study were to examine the usefulness of the variables of the theory of planned behavior (viz. attitudes, social norms, and self-efficacy) and to explore the relationship between optimism bias and drink driving in young adults. In addition, we explored gender differences in drink driving with provision for the effect of variables such as driving frequency and alcohol consumption. METHODS: Data were collected via a questionnaire administered to 274 drivers (59.9% females) aged 18-30 years (24.36 ± 2.96). RESULTS: The results obtained with provision for driving frequency revealed substantial differences in driving behaviors between genders. Thus, males were more prone to drink driving, perceived less disapproval by their significant others (parents and peers), and felt less able to avoid drinking-and-driving situations. In addition, they self-reported more frequent alcohol consumption and driving under the influence. The results also confirm the significance of peers' subjective norms and attitudes to drink driving in males. Overconfidence in their own driving skills for driving drunk and perceived behavioral control were found to be significant predictors for drink driving in females. Optimism bias also played a slightly significant role in predicting drink driving but only in females. CONCLUSIONS: The important practical implications of these results with a view to designing effective interventions to prevent the risks associated with drink driving in the young population are discussed. Interventions should focus on young people's perceptions of group norms and promoting cautionary driving choices and alternatives to drink driving.

Riesgo y protección de desviación social en adolescentes inmigrantes: Personalidad, familia y aculturación / Risk and protection for social deviation in immigrant adolescents: Personality, family, and acculturation

En este trabajo se analizan los niveles de conducta antisocial en adolescentes inmigrantes latinoamericanos, residentes en España, integrando tales resultados en un marco explicativo amplio, definido por las interrelaciones de las estrategias de aculturación prevalentes con algunas variables de personalidad y con evaluaciones del funcionamiento familiar. Nuestros resultados alertan acerca de la configuración de ciertas situaciones de especial riesgo (y, alternativamente, particularmente protectoras) en términos de desviación social en tales sujetos: concretamente, un estilo de separación asociado con bajos niveles de empatía cognitiva y afectiva, pobre autocontrol, escasa supervisión parental, baja adaptabilidad y cohesión familiar. Se atiende a las diferencias de sexo/género en todas las variables evaluadas. Se discuten los resultados desde un punto de vista psicosocial, al tiempo que se aboga por prácticas facilitadoras de patrones de integración flexible y bidireccional de inmigrantes, solo posibles cuando la sociedad receptora privilegie unas actitudes de aculturación contrarias al etnocentrismo, al prejuicio, la discriminación y la xenofobia. A lo largo del texto se argumenta acerca de los peligros que pueden acarrear ciertas aproximaciones que parecerían sostener la responsabilidad exclusiva del inmigrante en el éxito adaptativo de su experiencia migratoria (AU)

This study analyzes levels of antisocial behavior in Latino immigrant adolescents who are living in Spain. The results are integrated within a wide explanatory framework, defined by the relationships between acculturation strategies and personality variables and family functioning. The results allow us to underline configurations of high risk (and, alternatively, strongly protective) in terms of social deviation: particularly, a separation style linked to low cognitive and affective empathy, poor self-control, low parent supervision, low family adaptability and cohesion. Differences of sex/gender are considered for all the assessed variables. The results are discussed from a psychosocial viewpoint, suggesting the need of promoting patterns of bidirectional flexible integration for immigrants. These patterns would only be feasible when the receiving society favors acculturation attitudes contrary to ethnocentrism, prejudice, discrimination and xenophobia. Throughout the article, the dangers of approaches that hold immigrants exclusively responsible for their adaptive success are pointed out (AU)

Three-dimensional plotted scaffolds with controlled pore size gradients: Effect of scaffold geometry on mechanical performance and cell seeding efficiency.

Scaffolds produced by rapid prototyping (RP) techniques have proved their value for tissue engineering applications, due to their ability to produce predetermined forms and structures featuring fully interconnected pore architectures. Nevertheless, low cell seeding efficiency and non-uniform distribution of cells remain major limitations when using such types of scaffold. This can be mainly attributed to the inadequate pore architecture of scaffolds produced by RP and the limited efficiency of cell seeding techniques normally adopted. In this study we aimed at producing scaffolds with pore size gradients to enhance cell seeding efficiency and control the spatial organization of cells within the scaffold. Scaffolds based on blends of starch with poly(ε-caprolactone) featuring both homogeneously spaced pores (based on pore sizes of 0.75 and 0.1 mm) and pore size gradients (based on pore sizes of 0.1-0.75-0.1 and 0.75-0.1-0.75 mm) were designed and produced by three-dimensional plotting. The mechanical performance of the scaffolds was characterized using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and conventional compression testing under wet conditions and subsequently characterized using scanning electron microscopy and micro-computed tomography. Osteoblast-like cells were seeded onto such scaffolds to investigate cell seeding efficiency and the ability to control the zonal distribution of cells upon seeding. Scaffolds featuring continuous pore size gradients were originally produced. These scaffolds were shown to have intermediate mechanical and morphological properties compared with homogenous pore size scaffolds. The pore size gradient scaffolds improved seeding efficiency from ∼35% in homogeneous scaffolds to ∼70% under static culture conditions. Fluorescence images of cross-sections of the scaffolds revealed that scaffolds with pore size gradients induce a more homogeneous distribution of cells within the scaffold.

Spanish adaptation of the Adolescents’ perceived collective family efficacy scale / Adaptación española de la escala de Eficacia Colectiva Familiar Percibida por los Adolescentes (EFCP/A)

The aim of current article was the adaptation and validation of the Adolescents’ Perceived Collective Family Efficacy Scale (EFCP/A) in the Spanish context. The sample includes 486 adolescents. Psychometric properties of the EFCP/A were examined with exploratory factor analysis, item analysis and reliability. Construct validity was examined by means of correlations with parental relationships (PBI). The correlations with drug use (tobacco, alcohol, cannabis) and coping strategies were also examined. Results supported the unidimensionality and reliability of the EFCP/A scale in the Spanish context. As hypothesised, adolescents’ beliefs in collective family efficacy are highly correlated with the quality of their paternal and maternal relationships. Further, the adolescents who are convinced that their family is efficacious display more productive coping strategies and less drug use (AU)

El objetivo de este artículo fue la adaptación y validación en el contexto español de la escala de eficacia colectiva familiar percibida por los adolescentes (EFCP/A). La muestra incluye 486 adolescentes. Fueron examinadas las propiedades psicométricas del EFCP/A por medio de un análisis factorial exploratorio, el análisis de ítems y la fiabilidad. La validez de constructo fue examinada a través de las correlaciones encontradas con las relaciones mantenidas por los adolescentes con padres y madres. También se analizaron las relaciones de la escala con el uso de drogas (tabaco, alcohol y cannabis) y con las estrategias de afrontamiento. Los resultados apoyan la unidimensionalidad y la fiabilidad de la escala EFCP/A en el contexto español. Como se hipotetizaba, las creencias de los adolescentes sobre la eficacia familiar colectiva están altamente correlacionadas con la calidad de las relaciones con padres y madres. Además, los adolescentes que creen que su familia es eficaz usan estrategias de afrontamiento más productivas y presentan un menor consumo de drogas (AU)

Personalidad, género y criminalidad violenta en reclusos / Personality, gender and violent criminality in prison inmates

En este trabajo se analizan las propiedades psicométricas del Cuestionario de Personalidad Antisocial (Antisocial Personality Questionnaire, APQ) desarrollado por Blackburn y Fawcett (1999) en una muestra de 216 delincuentes (108 hombres y 108 mujeres) sin trastornos clínicos diagnosticados internados en varias cárceles españolas. Además del análisis de las propiedades psicométricas del instrumento, se examinan las diferencias en personalidad relacionadas con el género y el tipo de delito (violentos vs no violentos). Los resultados apoyan la fiabilidad de las escalas, así como la estructura factorial de las escalas propuesta por los autores del instrumento. También seleccionamos aquellos ítems que mejor discriminaban entre delincuentes condenados por delitos violentos y no violentos y realizamos un análisis factorial con ellos, encontrándose una estructura factorial de tres factores que recuerda al modelo de personalidad de Eysenck

The Antisocial Personality Questionnaire developed by Blackburn and Fawcett (1999) has shown adequate reliability and validity in studies of male offenders interned in psychiatric hospitals. This paper provides data on the APQ collected from a sample of offenders (males and females) without any diagnosed mental illness. The sample was made up of 216 offenders (108 males and 108 females) confined in Spanish prisons. We analyzed the psychometric properties of the instrument and we also examined differences in personality as a function of gender and type of crime (violent vs. non-violent). Results support the reliability of the APQ scales as well as the structure proposed by Blackburn. Additionally, we selected items that discriminate between offenders convicted for violent and non-violent crimes; when these items are factorized, a three-factor structure emerges, resembling Eysenck´s model

[Personality, gender and violent criminality in prison inmates]. / Personalidad, género y criminalidad violenta en reclusos.

The Antisocial Personality Questionnaire developed by Blackburn and Fawcett (1999) has shown adequate reliability and validity in studies of male offenders interned in psychiatric hospitals. This paper provides data on the APQ collected from a sample of offenders (males and females) without any diagnosed mental illness. The sample was made up of 216 offenders (108 males and 108 females) confined in Spanish prisons. We analyzed the psychometric properties of the instrument and we also examined differences in personality as a function of gender and type of crime (violent vs. non-violent). Results support the reliability of the APQ scales as well as the structure proposed by Blackburn. Additionally, we selected items that discriminate between offenders convicted for violent and non-violent crimes; when these items are factorized, a three-factor structure emerges, resembling Eysenck's model.

Impacto persuasivo del testimonio seguro e inseguro: ¿dos caras de un mismo fenómeno? / Persuasive impact of eyewitness confidence vs. unconfidence: two sides of a same phenomenon?

Jurados simulados leen la transcripción de un juicio en el que la principal prueba en contra del acusado es la declaración de un testigo presencial que identifica al acusado con alta o baja seguridad. Un tercer grupo lee un testimonio en el que el testigo no afirma explícitamente su seguridad al identificar. Se analiza el impacto de la seguridad sobre la credibilidad del testimonio y los veredictos. La seguridad al identificar se asocia con percepciones de mayor credibilidad y sinceridad, mientras que la inseguridad produce cambios en la percepción de la competencia del testigo. Los resultados se discuten en términos de las teorías de comunicación persuasiva (AU)

Mock jurors read a trial transcript in which main evidence against the accused is the identification by a witness who express a high versus low level of confidence in her identification. In a third condition, confidence is not explicitly asserted by the witness. Impact of witness confidence on juror perceptions of credibility and verdicts is analyzed. Results shows an association between high confidence and perceptions of credibility and honesty, while uncertainty produces changes in the perception of witness expertise. Results are discussed in terms of persuasive communication theories (AU)

La estructura de los rasgos de personalidad en adolescentes: el Modelo de Cinco Factores y los Cinco Alternativos / The structure of personality traits in adolescents: the Five-Factor Model and the Alternative Five

En los últimos años, el Modelo de Cinco Factores ha adquirido gran popularidad como descripción estructural de la personalidad. A pesar de ello, se ha analizado muy poco su aplicabilidad en la adolescencia. Son particularmente escasos los trabajos realizados con adolescentes sobre el NEO-PI-R, el instrumento más emblemático del modelo. Igualmente escasos son los trabajos con adolescentes sobre el ZKPQ, que evalúa los 'Cinco Alternativos' de Zuckerman-Kuhlman. En el presente trabajo, el NEO-Pl-R y el ZKPQ-111 fueron aplicados a una muestra de adolescentes (15-19 años), junto con medidas de afecto positivo y negativo, conducta antisocial y fracaso escolar. Con estos datos se examina 1) las estructuras del NEO-PI-R y del ZKPQ-111, con el fin de conocer en qué medida se replican, en los adolescentes, los modelos subyacentes a estos instrumentos; 2) la relación de ambos modelos con correlatos relevantes, con el fin de explorar su red nomológica y 3) cómo convergen el NEO-PI-R y en ZKPQ-111 en un modelo integrado (AU)

In the last years, the Five-Factor Model has been object of an increasing interest as a structural description of personality. Nevertheless, the usefulness of the model in adolescence has not received enough attention. Particularly scarce are the studies examining its most representative questionnaire (the NEO-PI-R) in adolescent samples. Also scarce are the studies on the ZKPQ-III, which assesses the Zuckerman-Kuhlman «Alternative Five». In this study, the NEO-PI-R and the ZKPQ-III were administered to a sample of adolescents aged 15-19, together with measures of positive and negative affect, antisocial behavior and academic failure. These data allow examination of: 1) the structures of the NEO-PI-R and the ZKPQ-III in a young population ; 2) the relationships between both models and revelant correlates, in order to explore their nomological nets; 3) the convergence of the NEO-PI-R and the ZKPQ-III in an integrated model (AU)

Biología, personalidad y delincuencia / No disponible

El principal propósito de este trabajo es presentar una reflexión a partir de las evidencias empíricas disponibles que relacionan factores genéticos, biológicos y determinadas características de personalidad con conductas antisociales y/o delictivas. La reflexión sobre la vía explicativa que conduce desde los genes y otros factores biológicos a la conformación de estructuras de personalidad que, a su vez, configuran organismos con patrones de interacción con el entorno proclives a la aparición de conductas antisociales y/o delictivas. El análisis enfatiza la necesidad de evitar los reduccionismos deterministas en el campo y aboga por la elaboración de perspectivas integradoras (AU)

Biology, personality and criminality. The main aim of this work is to discuss the available empirical evidence relating genetic, biological and personality factors with antisocial and/or criminal behavior. This discussion underlines the explanatory path bridging genes and other biological factors with personality structures which, finally, through patterns of interaction with the environment, give place to antisocial and/or criminal behavior. This analysis emphasized the need to avoid determinist reductionisms, and claims for the elaboration of integrative perspectives (AU)

Personalidad y conducta antisocial: amplificadores individuales de los efectos contextuales / Personality and antisocial behaviour: Individual potentiators of contextual effects

El principal propósito de esta investigación fue evaluar las relaciones de interacción entre una serie de predictores de conducta antisocial previamente identificados en una muestra de 3.186 adolescentes. Sobre ellos se recabó información sobre diversas variables personales y contextuales. Se evaluó la influencia de cada factor y, posteriormente, se evaluó el grado en que algunas características de personalidad modulan la influencia de aspectos familiares, escolares, grupales y socioeconómicos sobre la conducta antisocial y/o delictiva de los muchachos de la muestra. Los resultados se interpretan en relación a la necesidad de superar las perspectivas aditivas no interactivas en el campo. Finalmente, se analizan las implicaciones metateóricas de estos resultados (AU)

The principal aim of this study is to assess the effects of interactions between predictors in determining their impact on self-reported delinquency in Spanish school adolescents. Data were gathered on 3.186 adolescents for several contextual and personal characteristics. Initially, analyses were performed to establish the influence of each factor; subsequently, hierarchical regression analysis was used to determine the degree to which personal variables modulate the influence of family, school, peer groups, and socioeconomic factors. Results are interpreted with emphasis on the need for an interactive non additive perspective. Finally, some metatheoretical considerations are discussed (AU)